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What is a Debugger?
A debugger is a utility program that allows you to run a program under development while controlling its execution and examining the internal values of variables. We think of a program running “inside” a debugger. The debugger allows us to control the execution of the program by pausing its execution and then resuming it. While paused, we can find out where we are in the program, what values variables have, reset the values of variables, etc. If a program crashes, the debugger can tell you exactly where the program crashed (something that Java does naturally, but C++ does not). The principles and commands described in this document are specific to the lldb debuggers for clang++ under UNIX, but every debugger has similar commands.All computer scientists should learn the basics of debugging and how to use a debugger. It will save you literally hours of time when finding and fixing problems in your programs. The few minutes of investment you put into learning how to use a debugger will pay off tremendously in a matter of weeks. Work smart!
Sample Program
Consider the following buggy program prog1.cpp (src), which is reproduced here:
C:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void my_subroutine() {
cout << "Hello world" << endl;
}
int main() {
int x = 4;
int *p = NULL;
my_subroutine();
*p = 3;
cout << x << ", " << *p << endl;
return 0;
}Compiling for Debugging
Programs normally have to be compiled with a special option to allow debugging to take place. On UNIX, the option for clang++ is the -g option. For example: clang++ prog1.cpp -Wall -gWe also include the -Wall option, which lists warnings (the ‘all’ is to list all warnings).
The -g option (short for --debug) causes the compiler to include information about the source file (the .cpp file) that is needed for debugging as part of the executable file. This causes the executable to be larger in size, and slightly slower, but allows for debugging. So when you run the debugger, you specify the executable file (not the source file) as the input to the debugger.
How to Start Using lldb on our UNIX Systems
The LLVM C++ compiler, clang, has an accompanying debugger: lldb. To run the command-line version, compile your program as described above, and then type: lldb a.outNote that some systems may have the debugger have a slightly different name:
lldb-6.0 a.outReplace 6.0 with the current version; that was the version as of the 2018-2019 academic year.
The following sections describe the important types of things you can do with lldb, organized by “category” of activity. These activities and operations will have been implemented in other debuggers you may have used, such as the debuggers that come with various IDEs.
Executing your Program
Once in lldb, use the run command to start your program running. It will run until it completes, until it crashes, or until it reaches a breakpoint that you set (more on this later) – and it will pause for input, of course. Once it finishes, you’re still in lldb, so you can run it again from the beginning.If your program requires command-line arguments, you can give them after the run command. If you would normally run the program on the command line by entering:
./a.out 100 test1.datIn the debugger, you would enter:
run 100 test1.datNote, however, that the program that we are editing here does not need any command line parameters.
Where Am I? Where Did It Crash?
Under UNIX, one of the most frustrating things about running C or C++ programs is that they normally give little useful information when they crash – usually they just say, ‘segmentation fault’. Part of the reason is that by default the executable file doesn’t include information about the source code that is needed to print an error message (like the line number).But when you run a program inside a debugger, you can easily see what the current line is when a program crashes. Type f to see the current and surrounding lines.
More usefully, you can see a list of the function calls that led you to this point in your program. Your program may have died deep inside a function that is called many times in your program, and you need to know which sequence of nested functions calls led to the failure. In the command-line mode, type bt to show this list.
IMPORTANT: this command is one of the most important and useful debugging commands you’ll see in this lesson!
While we’re talking about reaching a point in a sequence of nested function calls, sometimes in lldb you will need to understand the concept of frames. When a program stops, you can examine local variables, view lines of code, etc. that are local to that function. If you need to move up to the function that called this one, you need to move up to the higher frame using the up command to debug there. The down command moves you back down a frame towards where you started. The up and down commands let you move up and down the calling stack (of nested function calls) so you can issue debug commands about the function that’s “active” at each level.
Making your Program Pause: Breakpoints
One of the most fundamental things you want to do while debugging is make the program pause at a particular line or at the start of a function. These locations in a program where execution pauses are called “breakpoints”.IMPORTANT: You must choose a line of code that actually executes something: not a comment, for example.
In lldb you can set breakpoints by typing either break or b followed by information on where you want the program to pause. After the b command, you can put either:
- a function name (e.g., b my_subroutine)
- a line number (e.g., b 12)
- either of the above preceded by a file name (e.g., b prog1.cpp:12 or b prog1.cpp:my_subroutine)
At any time you can see information about all the breakpoints that have been defined by entering breakpoint list (or br list). You can remove a breakpoint using the breakpoint delete command (or just br del). You can delete all breakpoints (br del) or a specific one (br del 1 or br del my_subroutine).
Breakpoints stick around until you delete them. This is handy if you put a breakpoint inside a function that is called more than once or if you put one inside a loop. You can set a temporary breakpoint with the tbreak command; the program pauses the first time, but after it pauses there, that breakpoint is cleared.
An important thing to keep in mind with breakpoints is that if you set a breakpoint for line 12, then the program will pause BEFORE executing that line.
Controlling Execution After a Breakpoint
After you make your program pause, you may want to execute it line-by-line to see what it does next. There are two commands that make a program execute the next line and then pause again: next and step.The difference between these two is how they behave when the program reaches a function call. The step command steps into that function; in other words, you see the debugging session move into the called function. The next command steps over that function call, and you see the current line as the one after the function call. Both are useful, depending on what level of detail you need.
Sometimes after you’ve hit a break point and are doing line-by-line execution, you want to resume normal execution until the next breakpoint is reached (or the program completes). The command to do this is continue. A useful variant on this is the finish command which finishes executing the current function and then pauses.
You can use the abbreviations s, n and c for the common commands described in this section.
Displaying Variables and Expressions
Another thing you often want to do when the program pauses is to see what value a variable or an expression has. To do this, just type print or p followed by the variable name or expression. If the variable or expression is a pointer or an address, you can print the value that this address references using the print * command (i.e. print *foo). In addition, you can enter frame variable to see all the arguments and local variables (and their values) displayed.It is often handy to have the debugger automatically display one or more variable values at all times so you could watch how they change. You do this with the display <var> command, and lldb will display that variable’s value each time the program execution hits a breakpoint. You can use ‘display’ more than once to show multiple variables.
To see info on all variables chosen for display, just enter display. To remove a variable from the automatic display list, use the undisplay command followed by the display variable’s numeric-id (entering display shows the variables’ numeric ids).
Changing a Variable’s Value
If you see that a variable has the wrong value, and you’d like to change that value in mid-stream before continuing execution, you can do this easily. Enter expr followed by the type, then the variable, an equals symbol (=), and the value or expression. It’s just like a C++ assignment statement but without the semi-colon at the end. For example: expr x = 5The expression can be any C++ expression, including a function call. So a statement like this is legal:
expr y = countNegValues(list, num)Assuming you have a countNegValues() method defined, of course. This would execute your function and then set the variable y to be whatever your function returns.
Sometimes you want to actually execute a function “by hand” while the program is stopped, even if this function isn’t what would normally be called at this point in the code. You can do this using the set command as shown above, or by making the function call the argument to the print command. For example, you could type:
print initQueue(&myQueue)And the function would be called right now while the program is paused. This works even if the function returns void.
Trying these commands out
Compile and run the prog1.cpp file shown above; this should segfault. The problem is on line 12, when it tries to dereference the NULL pointer.Run it in LLDB with the program (lldb a.out), and try the following:
- type run, and let it run to completion (really until it crashes)
- try the bt and f commands
- set up a break point at line 12, which is the line that is causing the crash
- type run, and confirm that you want to restart the program
- at the breakpoint, try printing out the value in p (p p); note that it is NULL
- set the p pointer, which is currently NULL, to point to a valid value (the int variable x): expr p = &x
- enter c to let it continue running, and it should finish without crashing this time
Frames
When a program crashes, you can see the list of subroutine calls that led to that point via the bt command. This prints a stack trace, similar to what Java prints when an exception is thrown (but not caught). Each level in that stack trace is called a frame. Sometimes you may want to look at the variables and what-not a few frames up. To do so, you enter the frame command. Consider the following program:
C:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void recurse(int x) {
int *y = NULL;
if ( x == 0 )
cout << *y << endl;
recurse(x-1);
}
int main() {
recurse(5);
return 0;
}
Code:
(lldb) bt
* thread #1: tid = 31030, 0x000000000040084a frame`recurse(x=0) + 29 at frame.cpp:6, name = 'frame', stop reason = invalid address (fault address: 0x0)
* frame #0: 0x000000000040084a frame`recurse(x=0) + 29 at frame.cpp:6
frame #1: 0x0000000000400872 frame`recurse(x=1) + 69 at frame.cpp:7
frame #2: 0x0000000000400872 frame`recurse(x=2) + 69 at frame.cpp:7
frame #3: 0x0000000000400872 frame`recurse(x=3) + 69 at frame.cpp:7
frame #4: 0x0000000000400872 frame`recurse(x=4) + 69 at frame.cpp:7
frame #5: 0x0000000000400872 frame`recurse(x=5) + 69 at frame.cpp:7
frame #6: 0x0000000000400882 frame`main + 14 at frame.cpp:10
frame #7: 0x00007f971522fec5 libc.so.6`__libc_start_main(main=0x0000000000400874, argc=1, argv=0x00007fff5a68bf08, init=<unavailable>, fini=<unavailable>, rtld_fini=<unavailable>, stack_end=0x00007fff5a68bef8) + 245 at libc-start.c:287
(lldb)A few final commands
If you find the problem while using the debugger, you may want to exit lldb (by entering quit), recompile your source code, and restart lldb. Be sure to use the -g option when recompiling!Final Remarks
The best way to learn these commands is to try them out. Even if you don’t use a debugger often, you should make sure you know the basics of breakpoints, single-line execution, and printing a variable’s value. These commands, along with the backtrace command, will be enough for you to solve most of your problems.Again, a programmer must know how to use a debugger just like an accountant must know how to use a spreadsheet program or a calculator. Your professors and your boss will expect it of you. Remember this before you go see your instructor about a run-time bug next time! The time you spend now to learn how to use a debugger will save you hours in the future.
The Source Code
We will be using the debug.cpp (src) source code. There are a few errors in the code, but don’t fix them! We’ll use the debugger to find them.Running the Debugger
First, compile the code: clang++ debug.cpp -Wall -g -o lab2We’ve seen -Wall and -g already – the -o lab2 flag (short for --output) will cause the output executable to be lab2 instead of a.out. Thus, we also need to run lldb with lldb lab2 rather than lldb a.out.
There are no compiler or linker errors (or warnings!), so if you get any you will need to find and fix them. We should now be ready to go.
First just run the program, and enter the numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 – we’ll be using those five numbers throughout the debugging of the program. The first thing that you should see is that these are not the numbers that the program displays back to you! What happened? What’s wrong? Let’s use the debugger to find out.
The first feature we will use is the ability to set a breakpoint.
Setting up Breakpoints
Remember that a breakpoint is any point in the executable code where the execution stops, allowing the programmer to see what is going on inside the program as it runs. Breakpoints allow you to run through portions of the code where there are no problems, so that you can spend your time focusing on the areas that need to be fixed.To set up a breakpoint, you enter the ‘break’ command, and where you want the breakpoint to be. There are 3 ways to specify breakpoints, by entering:
- a function name (e.g., b GetAverage)
- a line number (e.g., b 23)
- either of the above preceded by a file name (e.g., b debug.cpp:23 or b debug.cpp:GetAverage)
Code:
(lldb) b 23
Breakpoint 1: where = a.out`main + 31 at debug.cpp:23, address = 0x0000000000400a0f
(lldb) run
Process 10943 launched: '/home/aaron/Dropbox/git/pdr/tutorials/02-gdb/a.out' (x86_64)
Process 10943 stopped
* thread #1: tid = 10943, 0x0000000000400a0f a.out`main + 31 at debug.cpp:23, name = 'a.out', stop reason = breakpoint 1.1
frame #0: 0x0000000000400a0f a.out`main + 31 at debug.cpp:23
20 int nCount;
21
22 // Display a prompt:
-> 23 cout << "Enter five numbers: " << endl;
24
25 // First we read in the numbers.
26 for ( nCount = 0; nCount < MAX; nCount++ ) {
(lldb)- bt: shows a list of the function calls that got us to this point (we are only in the main() method at this point, so it’s not all that interesting)
- list: shows a listing of the source code where the breakpoint occurred
- frame variable shows the current variables, and their values. Note that the variables have not been initialized, so they have strange values!
- p nCount will print the current value in nCount
- p nValues shows all the values in the array nValues
Examining Data
One of the most powerful features of the debugger is the ability to look at the state of the variables as the program executes. This way the programmer can see if the variables are changing the way that they are intended to change, and to see if the program is doing the things that were intended.The frame variable command will show all the local variables of the current scope of execution. Which variables are displayed will change as the program executes, always showing the most recently defined variables, values returned from functions, and changed or referenced variables. When our test program hits the breakpoint, two variables are shown: nCount and nValues. nCount will be some random integer which reflects the contents of that memory location at the beginning of the program. The nValues variable looks different – it’s an array, so the entire contents of the array are shown.
Stepping through the Code
Lldb allows you to step through the code in two different ways. You can execute one line at a time, stepping into each function call, or you can run the functions without tracing their execution. We will look at examples of both.First, let’s see what happens when we start the program. You should now be at the breakpoint from above – if not, restart the program (run) – it will break at the breakpoint you entered before. Entering frame variable shows that the nCount variable is filled with a random number. Let’s step into the loop and see what happens.
First, we’ll start by stepping OVER commands.
Single Stepping through your code
Enter n (or next) – this steps OVER the next command. This stepped over the cout command – if we had entered s, it would have started showing the execution of the cout function call, which is not what we want. Note after we entered the n, it showed the output (“Enter five numbers:”) to the screen. We were stopped BEFORE the line executed, so by single stepping, we caused the computer to execute that one line. Nothing else has changed (frame variable, bt, etc. are the same), so let’s press n again.Now the cout statement inside the for loop is the current line. Also notice that now the nCount variable (via frame variable or print nCount) has a value - it is zero, because that’s where our for loop begins. Press n again. The prompt for the next number is displayed, since the cout statement has executed. Step through another line of code.
The code is now stopped on the cin statement. You will need to enter a value and press enter.
You should see these changes:
- The number you typed shows after the prompt.
- frame variable shows that the 2 was entered into the array at index 1 (not 0!)
This shows you one of the errors - the data is all going into nValues[1]. Go to the source window, and correct the line. Exit lldb (quit), recompile the program, and start up lldb again (lldb lab2). Set your breakpoint, run the code, and make sure that it is getting the input correctly. Try entering display nValues after the first breakpoint – it will always display the contents of the nValues array each time the program pauses.
When you are satisfied that the input is working, you can continue (or c), and the program will run until the next breakpoint, or the end of the program.
There appears to be a couple more errors in the code. Let’s address the problem with the average value. To do this we’ll need to use the step into ability of the debugger.
Place a breakpoint on the line that the GetAverage() function is called (the cout line in the main() method, not the GetAverage() method itself). Remove the breakpoint from the beginning of the source code: br del <line>, where is the line of code where the breakpoint is at, or br del 1, where 1 is the breakpoint number. You can see the list of breakpoints by entering breakpoint list. Once you have only one breakpoint set up at line that GetAverage() is called, run your code (run). It will run normally (we’ll enter the same values: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) until it hits the breakpoint.
Press the Step Into button (s). Execution of the program now passes to the first line of the function GetAverage(). Entering bt will show the series of function calls that got us to this point. We can now use the step over command (n) to step through the function and identify the errors.
A word of caution: using the step into command at the wrong time may cause the debugger to load and display either assembly language or unfamiliar code. Don’t worry; all you’ve done is stepped into the code for a standard function or operator such as the insertion operator. To exit this code, enter c for continue (which will continue execution until the next breakpoint), or finish, which will execute until the current function ends.
Does the printing of the maximum value work? If so, great! If not, you get to figure that one out on your own…
Explore on your own
There are still a few errors; try tracing through the function and see what you can fix! Remember that there are a few different types of breakpoints. Rather than entering the line number, you can enter a breakpoint by specifying the function call – for example, you can enter ‘break GetAverage’ to debug the GetAverage function, rather than trying to figure out which line the function starts on.Finishing up
When you are finished debugging the code with lldb – and it works correctly – you should submit the debug.cpp file to inlab2. Remember to put your identifying information at the top.computer scientist and specialist in the development of embedded systems
Lucas José
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